大象是陆地上最著名的"次声"动物。它们低沉的隆隆声(大约 5–14 赫兹)位于我们听觉的边缘乃至以下,但对大象而言,这是一门完整的语言,能在普通声音失效的地方发挥作用——在很远的距离上、在茂密的森林中。
一种我们几乎听不见的声音
1986 年,凯蒂·佩恩(Katy Payne)和同事们首次证明,大象强有力的"隆隆声"中含有次声成分。1 低频并非偶然,而是一种工程上的解决方案:这样的波衰减很弱,并能绕过树木,因此象群能够在数公里之外协调行动、寻找配偶。野外回放实验证实了这一点:大象会对 2 公里外同伴的呼唤作出反应,而最强的呼叫据估计在至少 4 公里之外仍可听见。5 传播距离很大程度上取决于天气——在凉爽的时段,近地面的逆温层会像一面声学透镜,把声音送得更远。6
它们用脚来"听"大地
隆隆声不仅通过空气传播,还会作为穿过地面的地震波传播。凯特琳·奥康奈尔-罗德韦尔(Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell)证明,大象通过脚掌和象鼻接收这些振动,并对其作出反应。2 后来牛津大学的一个团队学会了从地震信号中分辨大象的行为——它们是在行走、奔跑还是受到惊吓。3
大象有两条交流通道:空气与大地。有时它们用脚来"说话"。
回放——科学家如何"回应"大象
为了理解大象的语言,研究者们(例如乔伊斯·普尔的 ElephantVoices 项目)采用回放实验:通过强力低音炮播放录下的隆隆声,并观察反应。正是通过这种方式人们发现,大象能够分辨亲属、陌生者甚至危险声音的"嗓音"。这既是一种工具,也是一份伦理责任——必须谨慎地介入动物的交流。
对于无法用肉眼清点数量的森林而言,声学已成为主要方法。"大象聆听计划"(康奈尔大学)多年来用麦克风阵列聆听非洲的森林象,以估算数量并侦测偷猎。4
- 在凉爽的夜晚,大象的呼唤能传得更远:近地面的冷空气层会充当一面声学透镜。
- 大象用脚掌和象鼻来"聆听大地"——它们含有对振动敏感的帕奇尼小体(Pacinian corpuscles)。
- 科学家能从声学上分辨出森林象各自的"嗓音"——几乎像指纹一样。
- 使用次声波的不只是大象:老虎的咆哮中含有低于 20 赫兹的成分(von Muggenthaler, 2000)。
- 河马能同时在空气中和水下进行交流(Barklow, 2004)。
- 短吻鳄"歌唱"的频率极低,以至于背上方的水面真的会跳动起来(Reber et al., 2017)。
动物确实会对风暴和远处事件的次声波作出反应——但一项严谨的综述没有找到可重复的信号,来支持"动物能预测地震"这一流行说法(Woith et al., 2018)。坦率地这样说更加诚实——而这反而增强了人们对其余事实的信任。
HERD 源于对大象的热爱,以及为它们感到的痛楚。回放实验所需的同一种强力低频发射器,也是我们实验室的一部分。了解更多关于我们的研发 →
本文参考来源
这些来源属于HERD 完整资料库——272 个核实来源,支持按含义搜索和主题筛选。
- 同行评审 Payne K.B., Langbauer W.R., Thomas E.M. (1986). Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18(4). springer.com
- 同行评审 O'Connell-Rodwell C.E. (2007). Keeping an 'ear' to the ground: seismic communication in elephants. Physiology 22(4). physiology.org
- 同行评审 Mortimer B. et al. (2018). Classifying elephant behaviour through seismic vibrations. Current Biology 28(4). cell.com
- 机构 Elephant Listening Project, Cornell University. elephantlisteningproject.org
- 同行评审 Langbauer W.R., Payne K.B., Charif R.A., Rapaport L., Osborn F. (1991). African elephants respond to distant playbacks of low-frequency conspecific calls. J. Exp. Biol. 157. journals.biologists.com
- 同行评审 Garstang M. et al. (2005). The daily cycle of low-frequency elephant calls and near-surface atmospheric conditions. Earth Interactions 9(14). journals.ametsoc.org
- 同行评审 von Muggenthaler E. (2000). Infrasonic and low-frequency vocalizations from Siberian and Bengal tigers. JASA 108(5). doi.org
- 同行评审 Barklow W.E. (2004). Low-frequency sounds and amphibious communication in Hippopotamus amphibius. JASA 115. doi.org
- 同行评审 Reber S.A. et al. (2017). Formants provide honest acoustic cues to body size in American alligators. Sci. Rep. 7. doi.org
- 同行评审反驳 Woith H., Petersen G.M., Hainzl S., Dahm T. (2018). Can animals predict earthquakes? BSSA 108(3A). doi.org
- 同行评审 Pardo M.A., Fristrup K., Lolchuragi D.S., Poole J.H., Granli P., Moss C., Douglas-Hamilton I., Wittemyer G. (2024). African elephants address one another with individually specific name-like calls. Nature Ecology & Evolution 8, 1353-1364. nature.com
- 同行评审 O'Connell-Rodwell C.E., Berezin J.L., Pignatelli A., Rodwell T.C. (2024). The use of vocal coordination in male African elephant group departures: evidence of active leadership and consensus. PeerJ 12, e17767. doi.org
- 同行评审 Herbst C.T., Stoeger A.S., Frey R., Lohscheller J., Titze I.R., Gumpenberger M., Fitch W.T. (2012). How low can you go? Physical production mechanism of elephant infrasonic vocalizations. Science 337(6094), 595-599. science.org
- 同行评审 Stoeger A.S., Baotic A. (2016). Information content and acoustic structure of male African elephant social rumbles. Scientific Reports 6, 27585. nature.com
- 历史 Poole J.H., Payne K.B., Langbauer W.R., Moss C.J. (1988). The social contexts of some very low frequency calls of African elephants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22(6), 385-392. doi.org
- 同行评审 McComb K., Moss C., Sayialel S., Baker L. (2000). Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants. Animal Behaviour 59(6), 1103-1109. doi.org
- 同行评审 McComb K., Reby D., Baker L., Moss C., Sayialel S. (2003). Long-distance communication of acoustic cues to social identity in African elephants. Animal Behaviour 65(2), 317-329. doi.org
- 同行评审 McComb K., Moss C., Durant S.M., Baker L., Sayialel S. (2001). Matriarchs as repositories of social knowledge in African elephants. Science 292(5516), 491-494. doi.org
- 同行评审 O'Connell-Rodwell C.E., Arnason B.T., Hart L.A. (2000). Seismic properties of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) vocalizations and locomotion. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(6), 3066-3072. doi.org
- 同行评审 O'Connell-Rodwell C.E., Wood J.D., Rodwell T.C., Puria S., Partan S.R., Keefe R., Shriver D., Arnason B.T., Hart L.A. (2006). Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59(6), 842-850. doi.org
- 同行评审 O'Connell-Rodwell C.E., Wood J.D., Kinzley C., Rodwell T.C., Poole J.H., Puria S. (2007). Wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana) discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar conspecific seismic alarm calls. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122(2), 823-830. doi.org
- 同行评审 Günther R.H., O'Connell-Rodwell C.E., Klemperer S.L. (2004). Seismic waves from elephant vocalizations: a possible communication mode?. Geophysical Research Letters 31(11), L11602. doi.org
- 综述 Soltis J. (2010). Vocal communication in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Zoo Biology 29(2), 192-209. doi.org
- 历史 Heffner R.S., Heffner H.E. (1982). Hearing in the elephant (Elephas maximus): absolute sensitivity, frequency discrimination, and sound localization. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 96(6), 926-944. doi.org
- 历史 Heffner R., Heffner H. (1980). Hearing in the elephant (Elephas maximus). Science 208(4443), 518-520. doi.org
- 同行评审 Wrege P.H., Rowland E.D., Keen S., Shiu Y. (2017). Acoustic monitoring for conservation in tropical forests: examples from forest elephants. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8(10), 1292-1301. doi.org
- 机构 Save the Elephants. Save the Elephants — research and conservation organization (Samburu, Kenya). savetheelephants.org
- 机构 Poole J.H., Granli P. ElephantVoices — elephant communication and behavior database. elephantvoices.org
HERD (2026). 大象:用次声波交谈. HERD — 次声波资料库. https://theherd.network/infrasound/zh/elephants